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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Modularitätssatz</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Der <b>Modularitätssatz</b> (früher <b>Taniyama-Shimura-Vermutung</b>) ist ein <a href="Satz_(Mathematik)" title="Satz (Mathematik)">mathematischer Satz</a> über <a href="Elliptische_Kurven" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptische Kurven">elliptische Kurven</a> und <a href="Modulform" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulform">Modulformen</a>. Er wurde 1958 von <a href="Yutaka_Taniyama" title="Yutaka Taniyama">Yutaka Taniyama</a> und <a href="Gor%C5%8D_Shimura" title="Gorō Shimura">Gorō Shimura</a> vermutet und im Jahr 2001 von <a href="Christophe_Breuil" title="Christophe Breuil">Christophe Breuil</a>, <a href="Brian_Conrad" title="Brian Conrad">Brian Conrad</a>, <a href="Fred_Diamond" title="Fred Diamond">Fred Diamond</a> und <a href="Richard_Taylor_(Mathematiker)" title="Richard Taylor (Mathematiker)">Richard Taylor</a> bewiesen, nachdem bereits <a href="Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a> im Jahr 1994 (veröffentlicht 1995) den wichtigsten und schwierigsten Fall der semistabilen Kurven gezeigt hatte. Der Satz und sein Beweis gelten als einer der großen mathematischen Fortschritte des 20.&nbsp;Jahrhunderts. Konsequenzen des Modularitätssatzes sind unter anderem der <a href="Gro%C3%9Fer_Fermatscher_Satz" title="Großer Fermatscher Satz">große Satz von Fermat</a> und die Wohldefiniertheit der <a href="Vermutung_von_Birch_und_Swinnerton-Dyer" title="Vermutung von Birch und Swinnerton-Dyer">Vermutung von Birch und Swinnerton-Dyer</a>, da über den Modularitätssatz eine <a href="Analytische_Fortsetzung" title="Analytische Fortsetzung">analytische Fortsetzung</a> der zur elliptischen Kurve gehörigen <a href="L-Funktion" title="L-Funktion">L-Funktion</a> garantiert wird.
Heutzutage wird der Modularitätssatz als ein Spezialfall der sehr viel allgemeineren und wichtigeren <a href="Serre-Vermutung" title="Serre-Vermutung">Serre-Vermutung</a> über <a href="Galois-Darstellung" title="Galois-Darstellung">Galois-Darstellungen</a> gesehen. Diese wurde, aufbauend auf der Arbeit von Andrew Wiles, 2006 von <a href="Chandrashekhar_Khare" title="Chandrashekhar Khare">Chandrashekhar Khare</a>, <a href="Jean-Pierre_Wintenberger" title="Jean-Pierre Wintenberger">Jean-Pierre Wintenberger</a> und <a href="Mark_Kisin" title="Mark Kisin">Mark Kisin</a> bewiesen.
</p><p>Vereinfacht besagt der Satz, dass jede über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> definierte elliptische Kurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> <i>modular</i> ist, aus dieser also eine Modulform <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{E}}">
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<msub>
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<mi>E</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{E}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d89c6f721934c4eb29d905b8a11abe79a47f9aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.627ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{E}}" loading="lazy"></span> des Gewichts 2 konstruiert werden kann. Diese kann als <a href="Differentialform" title="Differentialform">Differentialform</a> auf einer zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> zugehörigen <a href="Kompakter_Raum" title="Kompakter Raum">kompakten</a> <a href="Riemannsche_Fl%C3%A4che" title="Riemannsche Fläche">Riemannschen Fläche</a> interpretiert werden. Auch möglich ist aber, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{E}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>E</mi>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{E}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d89c6f721934c4eb29d905b8a11abe79a47f9aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.627ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{E}}" loading="lazy"></span> aus den Anzahlen der Lösungen der modulo <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>p</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> reduzierten Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{p}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
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</msub>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{p}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/74b041d193c6b8de0113f5a5e8d8e00d05afa339.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.774ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{p}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu definieren. Die Richtung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\mapsto E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\mapsto E}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3ab4429d3dce64e12dadb4e8ff5ad93a2cb59499.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.668ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\mapsto E}" loading="lazy"></span>, also die Konstruktion einer elliptischen Kurve über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> aus einer Modulform mit hinreichend guten Eigenschaften (Hecke-Eigenform, ganzzahlige Koeffizienten, …), war schon Taniyama und Shimura bekannt, und bewiesen. Die „Rückrichtung“ war Gegenstand ihrer Vermutung und gilt als deutlich schwerer zu zeigen.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_Aussage_des_Modularitätssatzes"><span id="Die_Aussage_des_Modularit.C3.A4tssatzes"></span>Die Aussage des Modularitätssatzes</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_komplex-analytische_Version">Die komplex-analytische Version</h3></div>
<p>Es sei
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{0}(N):=\left\{{\begin{pmatrix}a&amp;b\\c&amp;d\end{pmatrix}}\in {\text{SL}}_{2}(\mathbb {Z} )\ |\ c\equiv 0\mod N\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>a</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>b</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>c</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>d</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>SL</mtext>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>≡<!-- ≡ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>mod</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>N</mi>
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<mo>}</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma _{0}(N):=\left\{{\begin{pmatrix}a&amp;b\\c&amp;d\end{pmatrix}}\in {\text{SL}}_{2}(\mathbb {Z} )\ |\ c\equiv 0\mod N\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf1723fff2dd1ef44998972da81a88caa52ac2e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:49.954ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma _{0}(N):=\left\{{\begin{pmatrix}a&amp;b\\c&amp;d\end{pmatrix}}\in {\text{SL}}_{2}(\mathbb {Z} )\ |\ c\equiv 0\mod N\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>eine <a href="Kongruenzuntergruppe" title="Kongruenzuntergruppe">Kongruenzuntergruppe</a> der <a href="Modulgruppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulgruppe">Modulgruppe</a>. Dabei heißt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> auch Stufe der zugehörigen Modulform. Diese Gruppe operiert auf der <a href="Halbebene" title="Halbebene">oberen Halbebene</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="fraktur">H</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8b7f84d24d6e4feed199e57d691c71e08170e5d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.673ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> durch <a href="M%C3%B6biustransformation" title="Möbiustransformation">Möbiustransformation</a>. Der Quotientenraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{0}(N):=\Gamma _{0}(N)\backslash {\mathfrak {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">∖<!-- ∖ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{0}(N):=\Gamma _{0}(N)\backslash {\mathfrak {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/da5834d6ad704eecdf516360f99b09cff0b42829.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.239ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{0}(N):=\Gamma _{0}(N)\backslash {\mathfrak {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine nicht-<a href="Kompakter_Raum" title="Kompakter Raum">kompakte</a> <a href="Riemannsche_Fl%C3%A4che" title="Riemannsche Fläche">Riemannsche Fläche</a>. Durch Hinzunahme gewisser Punkte aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} \cup \{i\infty \}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
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<mo>∪<!-- ∪ --></mo>
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<mi>i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} \cup \{i\infty \}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dd8f2284fc290fba7ac1e48d3747f4273ce8bcac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.842ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} \cup \{i\infty \}}" loading="lazy"></span> (den sogenannten Spitzen), kann man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{0}(N)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{0}(N)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/da4c9cd26fa968d5b99bdf9da32c955c476df2cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.278ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{0}(N)}" loading="lazy"></span> kompaktifizieren und erhält so eine kompakte Riemannsche Fläche <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{0}(N)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{0}(N)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43813402c33ff740c4471126479c3990a216f740.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.851ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{0}(N)}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Modulkurve" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulkurve">Modulkurve</a>). Die komplex-analytische Variante des Modularitätssatzes besagt, dass für jede elliptische Kurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=\mathbb {C} /\Lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=\mathbb {C} /\Lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d58432b395d1fe92ac4ef5b70eb9a747aca749c7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.328ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=\mathbb {C} /\Lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Λ<!-- Λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ac0a4a98a414e3480335f9ba652d12571ec6733.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.613ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> ein Gitter), mit zugehörigem Wert der <a href="J-Funktion" title="J-Funktion">j-Funktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle j(E)\in \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle j(E)\in \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f7753bd627102f86064f51b853db0f17adbb5b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.027ex; width:9.218ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle j(E)\in \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span>, ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b985ba501f78cb9890f3ecda3e2e315cbd5cb26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.582ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span> und eine nicht-konstante <a href="Holomorphe_Funktion" title="Holomorphe Funktion">holomorphe</a> Abbildung Riemannscher Flächen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{0}(N)\rightarrow E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{0}(N)\rightarrow E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e701c9ecb0e009c85c6196fd4e3aa4c46ebc857e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.241ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{0}(N)\rightarrow E}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>existiert. Die Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt der (modulare) Führer von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Modulkurve parametrisiert die elliptische Kurve.
</p><p>Eine elliptische Kurve, für die die hier gegebene Aussage wahr ist, heißt modular.
</p><p>Die komplex-analytische Version des Satzes ist sehr schwach und a priori noch keine zahlentheoretische Aussage. Der eigentliche Modularitätssatz macht Aussagen für über den rationalen Zahlen definierte elliptische Kurven und besagt, dass alle elliptischen Kurven über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> modular sind.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L-Reihen-Version">L-Reihen-Version</h3></div>
<p>Folgende Version der Vermutung macht eine Aussage über elliptische Kurven über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> eine elliptische Kurve über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> mit <a href="L-Reihe" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Reihe">L-Reihe</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(E,s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(E,s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77758885b4d1a2a6a8bd91cec5696e6cc9ba39ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.292ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(E,s)}" loading="lazy"></span> (für deren Definition siehe <a href="Vermutung_von_Birch_und_Swinnerton-Dyer" title="Vermutung von Birch und Swinnerton-Dyer">Vermutung von Birch und Swinnerton-Dyer</a>). Dann gibt es ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b985ba501f78cb9890f3ecda3e2e315cbd5cb26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.582ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span> (den Führer) und eine Modulform <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\in S_{2}(N)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\in S_{2}(N)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7297f645aefc0ba642d39bb5f80f39600291136.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.471ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\in S_{2}(N)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{f}(s)=L(E,s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{f}(s)=L(E,s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad1c6b53266627f78ce6d528b50dddeb1529e732.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:16.01ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{f}(s)=L(E,s)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Hierbei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{f}(s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{f}(s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b15db670179360ab543048c565996cba0b23ef6c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.619ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{f}(s)}" loading="lazy"></span> die Hecke-L-Reihe von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> (für die Definition siehe <a href="Hecke-Operator#Zusammenhang_von_Modulformen_und_Dirichletreihen_(Hecke_L-Reihen)" title="Hecke-Operator">Zusammenhang von Modulformen und Dirichletreihen</a>).
</p><p>Aus der Theorie der Modulformen folgert man daraus leicht, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(E,s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(E,s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77758885b4d1a2a6a8bd91cec5696e6cc9ba39ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.292ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(E,s)}" loading="lazy"></span> eine analytische Fortsetzung und eine Funktionalgleichung besitzt. Dies spielt für die Wohldefiniertheit der <a href="Vermutung_von_Birch_und_Swinnerton-Dyer" title="Vermutung von Birch und Swinnerton-Dyer">Vermutung von Birch und Swinnerton-Dyer</a> eine große Rolle.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algebraisch-geometrische_Version">Algebraisch-geometrische Version</h3></div>
<p>Aus der Theorie der Riemannschen Flächen folgt, dass die Modulkurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{0}(N)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{0}(N)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43813402c33ff740c4471126479c3990a216f740.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.851ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{0}(N)}" loading="lazy"></span> als ein <a href="Schema_(algebraische_Geometrie)" title="Schema (algebraische Geometrie)">Schema</a> über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> definiert werden kann. Man kann zeigen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{0}(N)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{0}(N)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43813402c33ff740c4471126479c3990a216f740.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.851ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{0}(N)}" loading="lazy"></span> sogar ein Schema über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Der Modularitätssatz postuliert nun für jede elliptische Kurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> einen <a href="Surjektivit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Surjektivität">surjektiven</a> <a href="Morphismus_(Variet%C3%A4t)" title="Morphismus (Varietät)">Morphismus</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{0}(N)\rightarrow E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{0}(N)\rightarrow E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e701c9ecb0e009c85c6196fd4e3aa4c46ebc857e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.241ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{0}(N)\rightarrow E}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>von algebraischen Kurven über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> für ein <i>N</i>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darstellungstheoretische_Version">Darstellungstheoretische Version</h3></div>
<p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\in S_{k}(N)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\in S_{k}(N)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b580a59252ded476b9d23cafe09d272f9d77d15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.506ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\in S_{k}(N)}" loading="lazy"></span> eine Modulform. Nach tiefen Sätzen von <a href="Pierre_Deligne" title="Pierre Deligne">Pierre Deligne</a>, <a href="Jean-Pierre_Serre" title="Jean-Pierre Serre">Jean-Pierre Serre</a> und <a href="Robert_Langlands" title="Robert Langlands">Robert Langlands</a>, kann man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> eine zweidimensionale Galoisdarstellung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{f,p}\colon {\text{Gal}}({\overline {\mathbb {Q} }}/\mathbb {Q} )\rightarrow {\text{GL}}_{2}(\mathbb {Q} _{p})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>Gal</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>GL</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{f,p}\colon {\text{Gal}}({\overline {\mathbb {Q} }}/\mathbb {Q} )\rightarrow {\text{GL}}_{2}(\mathbb {Q} _{p})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a00dfddb0a293130d7f427beb5aa4e4445509354.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.615ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{f,p}\colon {\text{Gal}}({\overline {\mathbb {Q} }}/\mathbb {Q} )\rightarrow {\text{GL}}_{2}(\mathbb {Q} _{p})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>zuordnen (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {\mathbb {Q} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {\mathbb {Q} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/377a8814b1ca454c488e409813988dd5dd906148.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.923ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {\mathbb {Q} }}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der algebraische Abschluss von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>). Hier steht links die <a href="Absolute_Galoisgruppe" title="Absolute Galoisgruppe">absolute Galoisgruppe</a> und rechts die <a href="Allgemeine_lineare_Gruppe" title="Allgemeine lineare Gruppe">allgemeine lineare Gruppe</a> des zweidimensionalen Vektorraums über dem Körper <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{p}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{p}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/35f44bc6894c682710705f3ea74f33042e0acc3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.867ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{p}}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="P-adische_Zahl" title="P-adische Zahl">p-adischen Zahlen</a>. Ebenso kann man jeder elliptischen Kurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> eine solche Galoisdarstellung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{E,p}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{E,p}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1a79c637db451185fc669664dc0ced31330c3eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.974ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{E,p}}" loading="lazy"></span> zuordnen.
</p><p>Der Modularitätssatz besagt in diesem Fall, dass es für jede elliptische Kurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> eine Primzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt und eine Modulform <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\in S_{2}(N)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\in S_{2}(N)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7297f645aefc0ba642d39bb5f80f39600291136.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.471ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\in S_{2}(N)}" loading="lazy"></span> für ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span>, so dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{E,p}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{E,p}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1a79c637db451185fc669664dc0ced31330c3eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.974ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{E,p}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{f,p}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{f,p}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4d11906d2b9499132ec61026f99630b83a907b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.623ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{f,p}}" loading="lazy"></span> äquivalent sind.
</p><p>Dies ist die Version, die von Wiles bewiesen wurde.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skizzierung_des_Zusammenhangs_zwischen_der_Taniyama-Shimura-_und_Fermats_Vermutung">Skizzierung des Zusammenhangs zwischen der Taniyama-Shimura- und Fermats Vermutung</h2></div>
<p><a href="Gro%C3%9Fer_Fermatscher_Satz" title="Großer Fermatscher Satz">Fermats letzter Satz</a> sagt aus, dass es keine positiven ganzzahligen Lösungen der Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{n}+b^{n}=c^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{n}+b^{n}=c^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a2e31ced64b8cef38ab186ec86755ecc47c861f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.828ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{n}+b^{n}=c^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> für n größer als 2 gibt. Seit der französische Mathematiker <a href="Pierre_de_Fermat" title="Pierre de Fermat">Pierre de Fermat</a> 1637 behauptet hatte, einen Beweis für diese Aussage gefunden zu haben – ohne diesen jedoch anzugeben oder in seinen schriftlichen Aufzeichnungen zu hinterlassen – haben Mathematiker einen Beweis für diese Aussage gesucht. Die Suche nach einem Beweis für Fermats letzten Satz hat die <a href="Zahlentheorie" title="Zahlentheorie">Zahlentheorie</a> für mehr als zwei Jahrhunderte geprägt und wichtige Bausteine, wie die <a href="Idealoperator" title="Idealoperator">Idealtheorie</a> von <a href="Ernst_Eduard_Kummer" title="Ernst Eduard Kummer">Ernst Eduard Kummer</a>, wurden entwickelt, um den Satz zu beweisen.
</p><p>Der Saarbrücker Mathematiker <a href="Gerhard_Frey_(Mathematiker)" title="Gerhard Frey (Mathematiker)">Gerhard Frey</a> stellte 1986 eine Vermutung über einen Zusammenhang zwischen Fermats letztem Satz und der Taniyama-Shimura-Vermutung auf: Nimmt man an, dass Fermats letzter Satz falsch ist und es tatsächlich Lösungen der Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{p}+b^{p}=c^{p}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{p}+b^{p}=c^{p}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/168717962f6ee776d5ee7dc5e6fca4d4f6fc13d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:12.351ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{p}+b^{p}=c^{p}}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt, so ist die elliptische Kurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y^{2}=x(x-a^{p})(x+b^{p})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y^{2}=x(x-a^{p})(x+b^{p})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7832a52eeecc1ab50d4b791466f1c6bef7cfc05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.947ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y^{2}=x(x-a^{p})(x+b^{p})}" loading="lazy"></span> wahrscheinlich nicht modular. <a href="Jean-Pierre_Serre" title="Jean-Pierre Serre">Jean-Pierre Serre</a> bewies das bis auf einen Rest, die Epsilon-Vermutung, die <a href="Kenneth_Alan_Ribet" title="Kenneth Alan Ribet">Ken Ribet</a> 1990 bewies und damit zeigte, dass diese sogenannte Frey-Kurve (die zuvor schon <a href="Yves_Hellegouarch" title="Yves Hellegouarch">Yves Hellegouarch</a> betrachtet hatte) tatsächlich nicht modular ist (er benutzte die sogenannte „Level-lowering“-Methode, wobei „Level“ die Stufe der betrachteten Modulformen bezeichnet).
</p><p>Mit anderen Worten: Wenn Fermats letzter Satz falsch ist, so auch die Taniyama-Shimura-Vermutung; ist die Taniyama-Shimura-Vermutung hingegen richtig, so muss auch Fermats letzter Satz richtig sein. Dabei genügte es zu zeigen, dass die Taniyama-Shimura-Vermutung für semistabile elliptische Kurven über den rationalen Zahlen gilt. Bei einer semistabilen elliptische Kurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> über den rationalen Zahlen gibt es nur schlechte Reduktionen vom semistabilen Typ. Dabei bedeutet schlechte Reduktion modulo p, dass die über dem endlichen Körper der ganzen Zahlen mod p definierte Kurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{p}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{p}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/74b041d193c6b8de0113f5a5e8d8e00d05afa339.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.774ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{p}}" loading="lazy"></span> (die Reduktion von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> mod p) singulär wird. Ist die Singularität ein <a href="Doppelpunkt_(Mathematik)" title="Doppelpunkt (Mathematik)">Doppelpunkt</a> und keine <a href="Spitze_(Singularit%C3%A4tentheorie)" title="Spitze (Singularitätentheorie)">Spitze</a>, spricht man vom semistabilen Typ. In diesem Fall fallen in der Gleichung für die elliptische Kurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y^{2}=f(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y^{2}=f(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fdd653cab1da01a16c0a394ec633f79d33ffc9e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.731ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y^{2}=f(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/202945cce41ecebb6f643f31d119c514bec7a074.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.418ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> einem kubischen Polynom mit drei verschiedenen Wurzeln über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> bei Reduktion mod p höchstens zwei Nullstellen zusammen. Gute Reduktion heißt, dass alle drei Nullstellen bei Reduktion mod p verschieden sind. Die elliptische Kurve ist semistabil, wenn sie nur gute Reduktionen hat oder die schlechten Reduktionen semistabil sind.
</p><p>Da die Frey-Kurve semistabil ist, folgt der Beweis von Fermats letztem Satz aus der von Wiles bewiesenen Version des Modularitätssatzes.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bedeutung_für_die_Mathematik"><span id="Bedeutung_f.C3.BCr_die_Mathematik"></span>Bedeutung für die Mathematik</h2></div>
<p>Das Taniyama-Shimura-Theorem ist ein Beispiel für die Vereinheitlichung der Mathematik; darunter wird die Etablierung von Zusammenhängen zwischen vormals als völlig verschieden betrachteten Gebieten der Mathematik verstanden, die Mathematiker in die Lage versetzt, Probleme, die in einem Gebiet nicht lösbar sind, in ein äquivalentes Problem eines anderen Gebietes zu übersetzen und dort ggf. zu lösen. In diesem Fall erfolgt die Vereinheitlichung durch die Theorie der <a href="Modulform" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulform">Modulformen</a>, die auch schon im <a href="Langlands-Programm" title="Langlands-Programm">Langlands-Programm</a> ihre herausragende Bedeutung für die Zahlentheorie deutlich machten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Originalarbeiten">Originalarbeiten</h2></div>
<p>Folgende drei Veröffentlichungen enthalten den Beweis des Modularitätsatzes:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a>: <i>Modular Elliptic Curves and Fermat’s last theorem.</i> Annals of Mathematics, 141 (1995), 443–551. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2118559" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.2307/2118559">doi:10.2307/2118559</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienzamedia.uniroma2.it/~eal/Wiles-Fermat.pdf">pdf</a></li>
<li><a href="Richard_Taylor_(Mathematiker)" title="Richard Taylor (Mathematiker)">Richard Taylor</a>, <a href="Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.math.ias.edu/~rtaylor/hecke.pdf">Ring-theoretic properties of certain Hecke algebras</a>. <i>Annals of Mathematics</i> 141 (1995), 553–572.</li>
<li>Christophe Breuil, Brian Conrad, Fred Diamond, Richard Taylor: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/jams/2001-14-04/S0894-0347-01-00370-8/S0894-0347-01-00370-8.pdf">On the modularity of elliptic curves over Q: Wild 3-adic exercises</a></i> (PDF; 1,1&nbsp;MB), Journal of the American Mathematical Society 14 (2001), pp.&nbsp;843–939. (Enthält den Beweis des Modularitätssatzes.)</li></ul>
<p>In folgender Veröffentlichung wird Fermats letzter Satz auf den Modularitätssatz zurückgeführt:
</p>
<ul><li>Ribet, K. A. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numdam.org/article/AFST_1990_5_11_1_116_0.pdf">From the Taniyama-Shimura Conjecture to Fermat’s Last Theorem</a></i>. Annales de la faculté des sciences de Toulouse, 5e série, 11,1 (1990), p. 116–139</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Gary Cornell, <a href="Joseph_H._Silverman" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph H. Silverman">Joseph H. Silverman</a>, Glenn Stevens (Hrsg.): <i>Modular forms and Fermat’s last theorem</i>, Springer, 1997</li>
<li><a href="Fred_Diamond" title="Fred Diamond">Fred Diamond</a>, Jerry Shurman: <i>A first course in modular forms</i> (= <i>Graduate Texts in Mathematics</i> 228). Corrected 3rd printing. Springer, New York NY 2007, ISBN 978-0-387-23229-4. (Kapitel 9: Galois representations)</li>
<li><a href="Gerd_Faltings" title="Gerd Faltings">Gerd Faltings</a>: The proof of Fermat’s last theorem by R. Taylor and A. Wiles, Notices American Mathematical Society, 1995, Nr. 7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/notices/199507/faltings.pdf">PDF</a></li></ul>
<p>Populärwissenschaftlich:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Simon_Singh" title="Simon Singh">Simon Singh</a>: <i>Fermats letzter Satz. Die abenteuerliche Geschichte eines mathematischen Rätsels</i> (= <i>dtv</i> 33052). 14. Auflage. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, München 2010, ISBN 978-3-423-33052-7.</li>
<li>Simon Singh, <a href="Kenneth_Ribet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Ribet">Kenneth Ribet</a>: <i>Die Lösung des Fermatschen Rätsels.</i> In <i>Spektrum der Wissenschaft.</i> 1, 98, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220170-2971%22&amp;key=cql">0170-2971</a></span></span>, S. 96&nbsp;ff.</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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